Can Rousseau plausibly be described as a totalitarian democrat Essay

Can Rousseau conceivably be portrayed as an authoritarian democrat - Essay Example While then again, the instruction and religion goes under the vision as a one-sided and unfavorable because of the explanation that it braced the people (Talmon, Arieli & Rotenstreich, pp. 37-50, 2002). The administration body in the extremist majority rules system appreciates and influence with complete intensity of seizure and commitment. In basic words, the administration has the option to coordinate and control over every person and everything else. This idea of extremist vote based system somewhat goes facing by current and contemporary specialists. As per them, authoritarian majority rule government is the equity arranged popular government where completeâ rightsâ and opportunities of individuals ought not go under holding as convict to conventions and social understandings (Talmonâ & Arieliâ & Rotenstreich, pp. 37-50, 2002). Jean Jacques Rousseau has been a noteworthy and acknowledged name that pushed authoritarian majority rules system. What's more, Jean Jacques Rousseau has been a noticeable name and probably the best figure throughout the entire existence of the French Enlightenment as he was one of the famous French savants whose thoughts and musings convinced the French Revolution. Moreover, something other than being a logician, Jean Jacques Rousseau has additionally increased a conspicuous name as a creator/writer, painter, political and instructive scholar/thinker, musicologist, and author. Aside from accomplishing acknowledgment as an authoritarian democrat, he was likewise a prospering music writer and made amazing commitments to the music as a scholar. His work of music has gone under discoveries as shows and a few different structures (Jeske and Fumerton, pp. 66-75, 2011). At the underlying stage, Rousseau picked up notoriety as an author in the wake of winning the honor for one of his compositions. Likewise, the history gives the way that the political occasions happened during the hour of Jean Jacques Rousseau has been very powerful, especially for the American and French Revolutions

Hr a Short Briefing for New Hr Colleagues to Help Them Perform Effectively and Efficiently in Their Roles. Essay Example for Free

Hr a Short Briefing for New Hr Colleagues to Help Them Perform Effectively and Efficiently in Their Roles. Paper HR Professionals must comprehend the business and culture for which they serve and the HR technique must be adjusted to this. As appeared in the guide above, there are ten expert territories in which as a HR Professional you ought to endeavor to exhibit the most elevated reachable degree of ability. As another individual from the HR Team at YWP, we anticipate that you should bolster the improvement of HR procedures and approaches. This remembers constantly taking a gander at open doors for which to improve the HR Function and its usage inside the association. You will go about as a sounding board for worker relations, taking care of back data to your HR Manager and encouraging change activities when required. You will be answerable for your very own constant expert turn of events and as such will record and plan your improvement during your time at YWP. You will work with the HR Team to guarantee you are knowledgeable with the association and its setting to guarantee all choices made inside the HR Function are in arrangement with this. You will stay up with the latest with advancements in the HR business and execute and dissect how these will influence our association as they emerge. You will be required to go about as a good example and convey and surpass goals and desires. Demonstrating mental fortitude to challenge, you will go about as a driver for operational greatness inside the association. http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/48FF823A-1A33-4C90-8B9B-B691D9130C01/0/AssociatemembercriteriaAug11.pdf The four concentric circles of HR Professionalism The four concentric circles of HR polished skill include overseeing self, overseeing gatherings/groups, overseeing upwards and overseeing over the association. These are generally territories which you will exhibit sooner or later during your profession at YWP. As a HR Professional, you are answerable for the administration of your own abilities, information and improvement. Utilization of an improvement plan and record will go some approach to assist you with accomplishing this. Anyway you should likewise be available to input from others and experience visit self assessment so as to recognize advancement zones and survey set destinations. By attempted this not exclusively will you create as a HR Professional yet you will likewise increase the value of the association for which you serve. Compelling administration of a group or gathering requires viable authority. The executives and administration can exist freely from each other anyway to be completely compelling must coincide. Administration is something which must be moved in the direction of and isn't acquired naturally with the task of an administrative errand or job. How you deal with your group will eventually decide how you are seen as an innovator in that group. (Selden, 2010) Viable designation, inspiration, advancement, correspondence, order and refereeing are on the whole parts of group the executives and how you deal with these angles will impact the elements and achievement of your team’s results. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMM_92.htm Overseeing upwards is a significant part of a fruitful HR Professionals’ the board system. It is fundamental to learn the key variables which your director anticipates that you should convey, how they anticipate that you should convey them and to what standard. Investigate what is normal from you by your line supervisor and look for standard input to guarantee you reliably meet their goals. Look for new duties and give standard updates to your line chief on your accomplishments and fruitful task results. http://blog.penelopetrunk.com/2006/11/03/7-approaches to-oversee up/ Coordinated effort over the association is basic to guarantee the full effect and execution of any HR activity. Overseeing HR over the association includes keeping up between division connections and partnerships, encouraging correspondence channels, guaranteeing believability and the positive view of the HR Function. Overseeing over the association by utilizing its line chiefs to actualize HR activities will guarantee the HR Functions targets are significantly more liable to be figured it out. Enhancing the Organization The HR Function drives execution and gives line administrators the instruments furthermore, assets to expand the exhibition of the organisation’s representatives. It must do this by distinguishing the business esteems and detailing a technique in accordance with these. This technique should then be adequately executed at all levels. You will work with your HR associates to recognize the business esteems as they develop and plan a methodology in accordance with this. With the end goal for HR to include an incentive in any association, the colleagues of that HR Function must adjust their objectives to that of the association. You will work with the HR group to plan solid approaches and methodology which urge supervisors and representatives to concentrate on the development of the organization and keep up the serious edge. http://www.peoplemanagement.co.uk/pm/articles/2010/05/increase the value of hr-not-spin.htm The practices you show consistently will affect the validity of the HR Function, it is thusly fundamental to exhibit operational greatness, stewardship, knowledge and impact in accordance with the business esteems in each activity you attempt. End Your activities to impact the productivity, pertinence, adequacy and validity of the HR Function can possibly influence the primary concern of the business. The viability of the HR Function inside the association is to a great extent subject to its recognition inside the association and we trust you will go along with us to guarantee the HR Function keeps on acting adequately and in accordance with the hierarchical objectives and business esteems. We anticipate a long and satisfying organization with you here at YWP. We trust you will utilize the time not exclusively to build up the association yet in addition your own proficient abilities, characteristics and information.

Environmental Theory, Biological And Sociological Theories - 825 Words

Environmental Theory, Biological And Sociological Theories (Essay Sample) Content: THEORIES OF HEALTH AND ILLNESSNameCourseTutorInstitutionDateTask 1: The biomedical approach to health is the best approach to viewing physical and mental healthThe perspectives and ideas on how humans acquire sickness and why they are vulnerable to sickness are known as the theory of health and illness. The theories offer different ideas and perspectives that explain factors leading to the deterioration of human health. Such theories include biological approaches which explain why the body immune system become vulnerable to diseases and how these infections affect the body systems leading to illness. They are known as biomedical models for health and illness. Environmental approaches involve the outside environment as a factor to explain individual's health and illness. The sociological theories look at health and illness in terms of human behavior and how different conducts leads to either good or bad health. In this essay, these theories will be critically compared and analyzed to get their perspective on physical and mental health.A biological approach to health and illness provides a status of human health using the human body systems that fight diseases and the mental status of patients by measuring these parameters using a biomedical model. Biologically, illness is defined as signs and symptoms of a body breakdown due to an infection or a condition. It also includes a breakdown on how the patient thinks due to changes in the body. While disease is the aberration in the body systems that is detectable by healthcare givers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jVtK8pSp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pool and Geissler 2005)","plainCitation":"(Pool and Geissler 2005)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1989,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/QQBXHR58"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/QQBXHR58"],"itemData":{"id":1989,"type":"book","title":"Medical anthropology","publisher":"McGraw-Hill Education (UK)" ,"source":"Google Scholar","URL":"https://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=YmrmpUcO0_YCoi=fndpg=PP1dq=(Pool+and+Geissler.+2005)ots=EWbyqR3OQGsig=Kt4l3qNRl47t9loP5PofMwklaNc","author":[{"family":"Pool","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Geissler","given":"Wenzel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pool and Geissler 2005). According to this model, the body can be infected in two ways. A disease could be coming from the environment (outside the body) to the inside where it affects the body cells, organs and systems causing a disease or the disease can come from within the body involuntarily and cause body breakdown. The infections could be due to biological factors such as microorganism, chemical imbalances or genetically triggered.The biomedical model states that treatment of these diseases should involve changes in the body cells and organs using chemo, physio or radiotherapy. In this biomedical model, Mishler (1981) states that there is no relationship between the functions of the mind and the body which is similar to the traditional mind-body split model. They operate as two distinct units in the body. The mind cannot influence the physical body, that is, the cells, organs, and systems. Its only faction is to feel and think ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eZRoKa7K","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mishler 1981)","plainCitation":"(Mishler 1981)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1988,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/JVRBK8FX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/JVRBK8FX"],"itemData":{"id":1988,"type":"article-journal","title":"Viewpoint: Critical perspectives on the biomedical model","container-title":"Social contexts of health, illness, and patient care","page":"123","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Viewpoint","author":[{"family":"Mishler","given":"Elliot G."}],"issued":{"dat e-parts":[["1981"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mishler 1981). A study, however, criticized that the traditional biomedical model links health to environmental and social factors more than it links biological factors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cIPJcWxe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sheridan and Radmacher 1992)","plainCitation":"(Sheridan and Radmacher 1992)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1986,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/TCM9R593"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/TCM9R593"],"itemData":{"id":1986,"type":"book","title":"Health psychology: Challenging the biomedical model.","publisher":"John Wiley Sons","source":"Google Scholar","URL":"http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1991-98819-000","shortTitle":"Health psychology","author":[{"family":"Sheridan","given":"Charles L."},{"family":"Radmacher","given":"Sally A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1992"]]},"access ed":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sheridan and Radmacher 1992).Sociologically, Illness is defined as a sociological phenomenon and not a bodily disorder ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"f0khYxO7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parsons 1951)","plainCitation":"(Parsons 1951)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1984,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/VHWB6MAI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/VHWB6MAI"],"itemData":{"id":1984,"type":"article-journal","title":"Illness and the role of the physician: A sociological perspective","container-title":"American Journal of orthopsychiatry","page":"452460","volume":"21","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Illness and the role of the physician","author":[{"family":"Parsons","given":"Talcott"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1951"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/ra w/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parsons 1951). The functionalist theory states that to be ill means inability to fulfill a purpose in the society, disease and illness is considered as 'unmotivated deviance'. It is known as the Sick role' theory which according to Parsons, everyone is expected to be equally productive in the society irrespective of their condition or status ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TNN9mqgD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parsons 1951)","plainCitation":"(Parsons 1951)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1984,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/VHWB6MAI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/VHWB6MAI"],"itemData":{"id":1984,"type":"article-journal","title":"Illness and the role of the physician: A sociological perspective","container-title":"American Journal of orthopsychiatry","page":"452460","volume":"21","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Illness and the role of the physician","author":[{"family":"Par sons","given":"Talcott"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1951"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parsons 1951). This theory can be deemed irrelevant due to the fact that those who were born with conditions such as visually impaired parson or those with chronic conditions such as cancer cannot perform their roles as the healthy even if they wanted to.According to Karl Max theory of capitalism, of all activities, material production is most essential for humans. Illness and disease arise during a production process. At the production process, apart from industrial diseases, chemical effluents are released which intern affects the environment, through this, disease arise due to environmental pollution ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DTbNqnSg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gabe and Monaghan 2013)","plainCitation":"(Gabe and Monaghan 2013)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1982,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5 0azr2up/items/VEW3V4EU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/VEW3V4EU"],"itemData":{"id":1982,"type":"book","title":"Key concepts in medical sociology","publisher":"Sage","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Gabe","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Monaghan","given":"Lee"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gabe and Monaghan 2013). The sociological theory states that illness or disease can be caused by other factors other than medical ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QFOdLyQh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDonnell et al. 2009)","plainCitation":"(McDonnell et al. 2009)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1979,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/6X8I4KF2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/50azr2up/items/6X8I4KF2"],"itemData":{"id":1979,"type":"book","title":"Social theory, health and healthcare","publisher":"Palgrave Macmillan","sourc e":"Google Scholar","URL":"https://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=TgYdBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=karl+marx+capitalism+theory-healthots=dyoI8Q_cEPsig=itQd8bm2MkXoGHnxEcA3uIAnCRk","author":[{"family":"McDonnell","given":"Orla"},{"family":"Lohan","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Hyde","given":"Abbey"},{"family":"Porter","given":"Sam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McDonnell et al. 2009). It establishes that poverty and other factors related to poverty such as poor sanitation, poor hygiene and lack of proper healthcare play a role in the physical and mental health.Environmental theory by Brook et al (2010) state that environmental conditions such as chemical pollution in air, food and water affect human health. Exposure to such conditions has be...

Health Disparities Of Botswana And The United States

Abstract There are Health disparities in Botswana and the United States. The lack of information and misinformation about reproductive health has caused issues with women and their health. The main issue that was found was the prevalence in of STI’s, especially HIV. It is continuing to increase in the number of people infected. The purpose of the paper is to explore some reasons why the issues are continuing to arise and also suggestions on how to combat them. Through research it was found that many social aspects could be correlated to the overall reason of not being sexually healthy. This paper will start with giving general statistics that will describe each population, followed by some key issues found in the research and conclude†¦show more content†¦It is a rich country filled tradition and customs based a long and somewhat harsh history. Today the people of Botswana believe heavily in the family structure and stress the importance of marriage. Their deep rooted traditio ns also have effect on how sex is viewed and how it is discussed; both of which coincide with the overall reproductive health of the people. Description of the Group Botswana is a developing Sub Saharan country in South Africa. The surrounding countries around Botswana are Namibia, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. According to the Botswana demographic profile the most spoken language is Setswana, which is spoken by 78.2% of the population. The languages Kalanga, Sekgalagadi and English are also spoken with English being used only by 2.1% of the population. The population is 2,155,784 people with 1.26% population growth rate. The ethnic groups that are in this country are Tswana at 79% followed by Kalanga and Basarwa. The major religious groups are Christian and Badimo. The United States as well as Botswana have a large Christian population and also use the English language. The school life expectancy for both male and female is 12 years old. Education level of the people in this country is a factor in predicting whether or not the citizens will practice healthy living. The following statistics will give a broad over view of the health of the population as it relates to the overall topic of

The Impact Of Military Service Members Ptsd - 1720 Words

The Impact of Military Service Members PTSD Introduction Military work is complex and wide. The soldiers are normally deployed to wars during the war time or deployed to complex rescue missions whenever needed. This is in the belief that military personnel are the most robust trained personnel who can handle the toughest situations and conditions in life. However, for everything there exists a limit. This is because military personnel are normal human beings. They have humanity in them and military work is just a career. Consequently, they are affected by what they go through and their families too are affected just through a fact that they are associated with them. Consequently they experience Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after return from war or deadly rescue missions. The impacts are diverse, especially on their families and children. Therefore, it will be important to look at the impacts of military members PTSD such as marital problems, family violence, children behavioural problems, substance abuse, and mental health. This p resentation gives an overview of the effect PTSD have on the military service members and the impact on the family. It also checks on a number of interventions that can be put in place to ensure that the military service personnel from service can safely adapt back into their normal lives, especially after retirement and integrate properly with family members. Target Audience This presentation mostly targets the families of the militaryShow MoreRelatedPtsd And Diagnosis Of Ptsd1024 Words   |  5 PagesWhen working with service members and assessing them for diagnosis, it is important to have an understanding of the diagnosis and the impact it has on the military population. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common mental health diagnosis veterans may develop after experiencing trauma. PTSD can occur after an individual has been through a traumatic event, such as combat exposure, terrorist attack, sexual or physical assault, or serious accidents. According to The DepartmentRead MoreEvaluating A Service Member For Mst808 Words   |  4 Pagesstep in assessing a service member for MST is to evaluate if the service member has experienced any unwanted sexual attention, uninvited sexual advances, or forced sex while in the military and whether the experience continues to affect their daily life. Some other assessment qu estions should assess for prior history of trauma, the types of responses they received at the time of the MST and whether the MST happened once or was repeated over time. Due to MST being associated with PTSD, depression, anxietyRead MoreMilitary Disorder : The Diagnosis Of PTSD In Veterans1558 Words   |  7 PagesThe diagnosis of PTSD in veterans is different from that of a civilian diagnosed with the same condition. Civilians often experience an isolated traumatic event in their lives whereas veterans and active duty military members more frequently experience combat-related trauma while in a war zone or on the battlefield (Fragedakis Toriello, 2014). Many of these veterans and active duty military members keep silent about their symptoms for fear of consequences to their position or because of the stigmaRead MoreIs Neuropsychiatric Disorders Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?1261 Words   |  6 PagesStress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD develops following exposure to a frightening ev ent or situation in which there was a great risk of severe harm (NIMH, 2016). These events are exceedingly broad, but most often include accidents, natural disasters, violent assaults, and military combat. Currently, 70% of US adults have experienced a traumatic event, with an estimated 20% going on to develop PTSD (PTSD United, 2013). While these statistics are very much concerning, the prevalence of PTSD in current and pastRead MoreMilitary Sexual Trauma ( Mst )777 Words   |  4 PagesMilitary Sexual Trauma (MST), includes any sexual activity where you were involved against your will. When assessing a service member for MST it is important to use a biopsychosocial approach. Some biological or physical responses to MST may include, sexual difficulties, chronic pain, weight or eating problems or gastrointestinal problem. Psychologically, as a result of the MST service members may have PTSD or depression. They may also experience strong emotions, difficulties with memories, feeling Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1584 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The military serves as a major component in our nation s security. Everyone around the country continues to rely on them each day to defend our freedom. Undeniably, the responsibilities of military members comes along with large amounts of anxiety, self-less service, and occasionally terrifying events that can have a negative influence on the individuals life. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a serious illness among the men in our military. Gates et al. (2012) defines PTSD as, a psychiatricRead MoreEssay on Women Dealing with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder638 Words   |  3 Pagesin Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among the women’s population of non-Hispanic Whites, African American, and Hispanic. The population of Hispanics and African American female’s veterans, in terms of gender, experience a higher symptom of PTSD than male veterans. The study is aimed at providing analysis demographic characteristics, diagnostic validity, and the normative sampling, among the three ethnic populations of women who experienced treatment for PTSD compared to servicemen veterans. HarrisonRead MoreVeteran Suicide Perspectives And Assumptions . There Is1456 Words   |  6 Pagesrunning rampant throughout the ranks of veterans and current active duty military within the United States. Even if we try to turn a blind eye or ignore the problem, the fact is that roughly an average of twenty-two veterans commit suicide each and every day across America. Some would say this is due in part to the service members experiencing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), others would say this is due to service members participating in multiple deployments. While these both increase riskRead MoreThe Legacy Of Veteran Suicide1189 Words   |  5 PagesVeteran suicide is an ongoing problem because veterans enter the civilian world directly after receiving discharge from the armed forces and struggle with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and acute stress, and anxiety (â€Å"Veterans Services†). Veteran suicides have become a large concern for members o f the United States Armed Forces, Operation Never Forgotten (ONF) is an organization that is helping veterans find purpose and a reason to live, by working with the U.S. Congress, theyRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1473 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The military serves as a major component in our nation s security. All people around the country continue to rely on them every day to defend our nation’s freedom. Without a doubt, the complex responsibilities of military members encompass large amounts of anxiety, selfless service, and occasionally, terrifying events that cause a negative influence on a person’s life. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a serious and tragic illness among members serving in our military. Mayo Clinic

Soil erosion Essay Example For Students

Soil erosion Essay Soil erosion is a gradual process that occurs when the actions of water, wind, and other factors eat away and wear down the land, causing the soil to deteriorate or disappear completely. Soil deterioration and low quality of water due to erosion and run off has often become a severe problem around the world. Many times the problems become so severe that the land can no longer be cultivated and is abandoned. The key to minimizing soil erosion and saving the farm lands is the farmer himself. Ultimately, he is the one who must reduce the level at which erosion sediments are dislodged from his cropland. This program will discuss the erosion process, its effects on crops and the environment, and the Best Management Practices that can be implemented to limit or contain soil movement from the land. Soil erosion can be divided into two very general categories:Geological erosion: Geological erosion occurs where soil is in its natural environment surrounded by its natural vegetation. This has been taking place naturally for millions of years and has helped create balance in uncultivated soil that enables plant growth. A classical example of the results of geological erosion is the Grand Canyon. and Accelerated erosion: Accelerated erosion can be caused by mans activities, such as agriculture and construction, which alter the natural state of the environment. Accelerated erosion is the type that will be covered in most depth. It includes such problems asThe action of wind on exposed sediments and friable rock formations causes erosion (abrasion) and entrainment of sediment and soil. Eolian action also forms and shapes sand dunes, yardangs (streamlined bedrock hills) and other landforms. Subsurface deposits and roots are commonly exposed by wind erosion. Wind can also reduce vegetation cover in wadis and depressions, scattering the remains of vegetation in interfluves. Stone pavements may result from the deflation (removal) of fine material from the surface leaving a residue of coarse particles. Blowouts (erosional troughs and depressions) in coastal dune complexes are important indicators of changes in wind erosion. The potential for deflation is generally increased by shoreline erosion or washovers, vegetation die-back due to soil nutrient deficiency or to animal activity, and by human actions such as recreation and construction. SIGNIFI CANCE: Changes in wind-shaped surface morphology and vegetation cover that accompany desertification, drought, and aridification are important gauges of environmental change in arid lands. Wind erosion also affects large areas of croplands in arid and semi-arid regions, removing topsoil, seeds and nutrients. HUMAN OR NATURAL CAUSE: Eolian erosion is a natural phenomenon, but the surfaces it acts upon may be made susceptible to active wind shaping and transport by human actions, especially those, such as cultivation and over-grazing, that result in the reduction of cover vegetation. ENVIRONMENT WHERE APPLICABLE: arid and semi-arid lands TYPES OF MONITORING SITES: Dune fields, coastlines, desert surfaces SPATIAL SCALE: patch to landscape / mesoscale to regional METHOD OF MEASUREMENT: Field observations, aided by airphotos and field surveys. Changes in vegetation cover can be monitored using historical records, sequential maps, air photos, satellite images, and by ground survey techniq ues. FREQUENCY OF MEASUREMENT: Every 5-20 years LIMITATIONS OF DATA AND MONITORING: The effect of wind erosion on different rock types and landforms (with contrasted aerodynamic shapes) varies, so that it is not easy to assess the degree of erosion of a complex landscape. APPLICATIONS TO PAST AND FUTURE: Differential erosion by wind in the past may be detected through study of buried soil horizons developed on ancient erosional surfaces, which formed during dry (wind erosion) to wet (soil formation) climatic cycles. POSSIBLE THRESHOLDS: Sediment erosion and transport takes place within a specific range of wind speeds, depending on grain size, degree of cementation and compaction, moisture content, and vegetation cover. Differential erosion by wind in the past may be detected through study of buried soil horizons developed on ancient erosional surfaces, which formed during dry (wind erosion) to wet (soil formation) climatic cycles. Raindrops can be a major problem for farmers when th ey strike bare soil. With an impact of up to 30 mph, rain washes out seed and splashes soil into the air. If the fields are on a slope the soil is splashed downhill which causes deterioration of

Periodic Table Research Task Essay Example

Periodic Table Research Task Essay Periodic Table Research Task By Kevin Shaji Part A. You are to research the task below and submit as a written piece of work i) John Dalton proposed his atomic theory in 1808. Outline his theory. (4 marks) ii) Explain which part of Dalton’s atomic theory was later found to be incorrect. (3 marks) iii) Dalton developed a way to measure the relative atomic mass of the different elements. Using examples research and describe the meaning of the term ‘relative atomic mass’. (3 marks) i) 1) Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms. 2) Atoms cannot be destroyed or created but can be rearranged during chemical changes. ) Atoms of a particular element are identical in mass, size, shape and other properties. 4) Atoms of different elements are different in their mass, size, shape and other properties. 5) Atoms cannot be divided into smaller particles. 6) Atoms of different elements combine in small whole-number ratios to form compounds. ii) 1) One part of Daltonâ €™s atomic theory that was later discovered to be incorrect was the part where atoms could not be divided into smaller pieces. New research has proved that atoms can be sub-divided into sub-atomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. ) Due to the discovery of isotopes it has been discovered that atoms of the same element are not exactly identical. They have different masses due to the number of neutrons. 3) Also it has been discovered that different elements have the same mass. These elements are called isobars. 4) It has been recently discovered that atoms can actually be destroyed by fission processes in atomic reactors or by atomic bombs. 5) Another defect in Dalton’s atomic theory is that not all compounds have small whole-number ratios. They can actually have large whole-number ratios as well. ii) The relative atomic mass is defined as: â€Å"the average mass of the isotopes in a naturally occurring sample of the element, taking into account the proportio n of each isotope present. † The symbol for relative atomic mass is Ar. For example naturally occurring chlorine has two isotopes Cl-35 and Cl-37. Cl-35 has a relative abundance (which is the percentage of that isotope on Earth in relation to the total abundance of the atom on Earth) of 75% while Cl-37 has a relative abundance of 25%. To calculate the Ar you must put the above into a formula. Ar= (75/100? 35) + (25/100? 37) =35. Another example of calculating relative atomic mass is: For an element E with the naturally occurring isotopes aE, bE, cE, and with the respective abundances of A%, B%, C% etc, the relative atomic mass (Ar) = (A/100 x a) + (B/100 x b) + (C/100 x c) Part B Leucippus Leucippus was an early pre-Socratic ancient Greek philosopher who lived sometime during the 5th century BCE. Not much of Leucippus early life is known due to the fact that not many of his dates were recorded. What we do know is that he was an Ionian Greek that studied at an Ionian school of naturalistic philosophy. At around 440 BCE Leucippus founded a school at Abdera, which his famous pupil Democritus attended. Around this time he proposed the theory of atomism. According to this atomism, the universe is composed of two elements: the atoms and the void in which they exist and move. This theory was later explained in much greater detail by his pupil Democritus. Leucippus contributed indirectly towards the development of the periodic table since he proposed the first idea of atoms. Thanks to his ideas the foundation for the periodic table was possible. Without his ideas the way we view the world may be completely different. We will write a custom essay sample on Periodic Table Research Task specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Periodic Table Research Task specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Periodic Table Research Task specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Democritus Democritus was an influential pre-Socratic ancient Greek philosopher who lived from circa 460 BCE to circa 370 BCE. He inherited his father’s vast fortunes and used it to travel the world and visit many countries on his quest of knowledge. During these trips he met many scholars who taught many lessons. When he finally came back to his native land he became interested in natural philosophy. At the around 440 BCE he became associated with a school in Abdera, which was founded by Leucippus, his mentor. His teacher was the first one to propose atoms, but Democritus later adopted this into his own atomic theory. His theory stated that everything contains tiny particles called atoms and that they were indivisible. He hypothesised that these atoms cannot be destroyed, that they were invisible that they were always and moving. He also stated and that they differ in size, shape, mass, position, and arrangement. Democritus contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. His contribution helped people to understand what an atom was and helped other scientist’s further look into science of the atom, which in turn led to the creation of the atomic table. Aristotle Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived from 384 BCE to 322 BCE. He was the student of the ancient Greek philosopher Plata and the teacher to one of the greatest military commanders in the world Alexander the Great. He taught many subjects including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theatre, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. He is considered to be one the most important figures in Western philosophy due to his writings encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. One of his most well-known theories is that all mater is made from five elements. These elements are fire, water, air, earth and the fifth element aether. He believed all matter was made from a combination of the four elements except the stars and planets which are made of the fifth element aether. Even though Aristotle’s theory was wrong he contributed indirectly to the periodic table. The periodic table consists of elements and he hypothesised that elements exist. John Dalton John Dalton was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He was born on the 6th of September 1766 and died on the 27th of July 1844. He began to study at a local village school and at the age of 12 began to teach there. At the age of 15, he began to teach at a Quaker school in Kendal. After teaching here for 10 years he moved to Manchester as a teacher. While there he joined the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, which provided him laboratory facilities. The first paper he presented was about colour blindness which he suffered from. Dalton arrived to atomism by his fascination of meteorology. Dalton stated that the forces of repulsion thought to cause pressure acted only between atoms of the same type. From here on he proceeded to calculate the atomic weight of atoms from percentage compositions of compounds. After this he developed his own atomic theory, which completely revolutionised the way we see the world today. Dalton contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. Dalton’s information on atomic weights was a huge factor in the creation the periodic table. He also proposed a chemical symbols for some elements. Without Dalton’s ground-breaking work the periodic table would not be possible. Johann Doberiener Johann Wolfgang Doberiener was a German chemist who was born on the 13th of December 1780 and died on the 24th of March 1849. Doberiener had little opportunity for formal schooling, and so he was apprenticed to a pharmacist. He began to read widely, and attended scientific lectures whenever he received the chance. In time he became a professor at the University of Jena in 1810. During the period of 1815-29, Johann Doberiener arranged elements in order of their atomic weight. He sorted these elements into groups of three, which became known as the law of triads. He arranged them according to the atomic weight of the middle element to the average atomic weight of the remaining two. Doberiener contributed indirectly toward the development of the periodic table. Though his method was discarded due to the fact it didn’t apply to all the elements, Doberiener gave rise to new ways to classify the elements which greatly helped in the creation of the periodic table. John Newlands John Alexander Reina Newlands was an English chemist who worked on the development of the periodic table. He was born in London on the 26th of November of 1837 and died on the 29th of July 1898. He did not study at a normal school but was rather home schooled by his father. He went on to study at the Royal College of Chemistry. In 1863, he set up a practice as an analytical chemist and in 1868 he became the chief chemist at James Duncan’s London sugar refinery. He later left this profession and in 1864 published his concept of the periodicity of the chemical elements. He arranged all 62 elements (known at the time) into a table based upon the ascending order of the atomic weights. He observed that every 8th element in his table displayed similar properties. He named this discovery the Law of Octaves and stated that an element exhibits behavior that is similar to the eighth element preceding/succeeding it. John Newlands contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. Even though Newland’s table was not accepted, his work helped to lead Mendeleev (the father of the periodic table) on the right track thus greatly contributing to creation of the periodic table. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He was born in Siberia in 1834 and died in 1907. He is considered the father of the periodic table because he created the first version of the periodic table of element and used it to predict elements yet to be discovered. In 1849 his family relocated to St. Petersburg and Mendeleev entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. He studied science there and graduated in 1856. In 1863 Mendeleev was appointed to a professorship in the University he studied in. In 1864 Dmitri Mendeleev produced his greatest achievement: the periodic table of elements. He arranged the 66 elements known at the time by their atomic weight. By doing this he managed to organise them into groups possessing similar properties. If a gap existed in his table, he anticipated that a brand new element would one day be discovered and he predicted its properties. Some of the elements he predicted were later found and provided great evidence towards the accuracy of his table. Dmitri Mendeleev contributed directly towards the development of the periodic table since he developed it. Mendeleev’s original periodic table of elements is the model of the modern day periodic table of elements and thanks to his discovery we have a greater understanding of the universe. Henry Moseley Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley was an English physicist who was born in England on the 23rd of November 1887 and died on the 10th of August 1915 at Gallipoli. As a young boy Moseley studied at Summer Fields School where he was awarded a King’s scholarship to attend Eton College. In 1906, Moseley entered Trinity College of the University of Oxford, where he earned his bachelor’s degree. In 1910, Moseley began to study under Sir Ernest Rutherford. In 1913, he moved back to Oxford, where he was given laboratory facilities. While at Oxford, Moseley measured the x-ray spectral lines of nearly all the elements known at the time. The results of his study showed a clear and simple progression of the elements that was based on the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus, rather than the order based on atomic weights that was then the basis of the periodic table. Moseley contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. He discovered the atomic number of elements which revolutionised the way the elements were sorted. Now thanks to him the modern periodic table is sorted by atomic number. Timeline of The Periodic Table 440 BCE Democritus and Leucippus put forward the idea of the atom, an indivisible particle that all matter is made of. 30 BCE Aristotle proposes his theory about the four elements which are earth, air, fire water. He also proposes a fifth element aether, which the stars and planets were made of. 360 BCE Plato coins term the term ‘elements’. 1605 CE Sir Francis Bacon published â€Å"The Proficience and Advancement of Learning† which contained a description of what would later be known as the scientific method which is the acquirement of new knowledge or the correction of existing knowledge. 1661 CE Robert Boyle published â€Å"The Sceptical Chymist† which was a written work on the distinction between chemistry and alchemy. It also contained some of the first ideas of atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions. 1754 CE Joseph Black isolated carbon dioxide, which he called â€Å"fixed air†. 1778 CE Antoine Lavoisier wrote the first detailed list of elements. The list contained 33 elements differentiated between metals and non-metals. 1766 CE Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen was a colourless, odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air. 1773–1774 CE Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestly independently isolated oxygen. 1803 CE John Dalton proposed â€Å"Dalton’s Law† which described the bond between the components in a mixture of gases. 828 CE Jons Jacob Berzelius created a table of atomic weights and introduced letters to represent elements. 1828 CE Johann Doberiener developed groups of 3 elements with similar properties, which he called triads. 1864 CE John Newlands organised the known elements in order of atomic weights and observed resemblances be tween some elements. 1864 CE Julius Lothar Meyer develops an early version of the periodic table, with 28 elements classified by valence. 1864 CE Dmitri Mendeleev produced a table based upon atomic weights but organised ‘periodically’ with elements of congruent properties under each other. His Periodic Table included the 66 elements known at the time, classified by their atomic weights. 1894 CE William Ramsay discovered the Noble Gases. 1898 CE Marie and Pierre Curie isolated radium and polonium from pitchblende. 1900 CE Sir Ernest Rutherford discovered the cause of radioactivity was decaying atoms. 1913 CE Henry Moseley discovered the atomic number of each of the elements which changed the way the periodic table was organised. 1940 CE Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson discover neptunium, the lightest and first synthesized transuranium element, found in the products of uranium fission. 1940 CE Glenn Seaborg arranged the transuranic elements (the elements after uranium in the periodic table) below the periodic table making it easier to read. Reference List tutorvista. com. Daltons Atomic Theory. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chemistry. tutorvista. com/inorganic-chemistry/dalton-s-atomic-theory. html. [Accessed 23 March 13]. citycolligiate. com. Daltons Atomic Theory. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. citycollegiate. com/atomic_structureIXc. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. ausetute. com. Relative Atomic Mass. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. ausetute. com. au/atomicmass. html. [Accessed 23 March 13]. vogadro. com. Relative Atomic Mass, Ar. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. avogadro. co. uk/definitions/ar. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. Relative atomic mass. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. Democritus. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Democritus. [Acc essed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. Aristotle. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aristotle. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. John Dalton. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Dalton. Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org.. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. John Alexander Reina Newlands. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Alexander_Reina_Newlands. [Accessed 23 March 13]. chemistry. co. nz. Dmitri Mendeleev. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. chemistry. co. nz/mendeleev. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. blurit. com (n. d. ) Who Was Dmitri Mendeleev? [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. blurtit. com/q181876. html. [Accessed 23 March 13]. www. corrosion-doctors. rg (n. d. ) Dmitri Mendeleev. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. corrosion-doctors. org/Biographies/MendeleevBio. htm. [Access ed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org (n. d. ) Dmitri Mendeleev. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org (n. d. ) Henry Moseley. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Henry_Moseley [Accessed 23 March 13]. History-timelines. org. uk (n. d. ) Periodic Table Timeline. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. history-timelines. org. uk/events-timelines/19-periodic-table-timeline. htm [Accessed 23 March 13].